Dab tsi yog qhov txawv ntawm Distillation thiab Molecular Distillation

Distillation thiabmolecular distillationyog pom tseeb txawv ntawm txoj cai, khoom siv thiab daim ntawv thov.

Txoj Cai: Distillation yog ib txwm ua kua sib cais tshuab, uas yog raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntsiab lus kub ntawm cov khoom sib txawv. Tshwj xeeb, distillation yog ib txoj hauv kev sib cais cov khoom sib txawv los ntawm cua sov cov kua sib tov thiab vaporizing nws, thiab tom qab ntawd condensing lub vapor rau hauv cov kua. Distillation siv qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntsiab lus kub rau cov khoom sib cais, yog li cov nyhuv distillation yog qhov zoo dua rau kev sib xyaw nrog cov ntsiab lus kub loj.

Molecular distillation thev naus laus zis yog cov cuab yeej ua kua sib cais ntau dua, uas yog raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov nruab nrab dawb txoj kev ntawm molecular motion ntawm cov khoom sib txawv.Molecular distillation tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ntawm qhov tsis tshua muaj siab, yog li cov khoom siv tsis yooj yim rau oxidized thiab puas. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub distillation daim nyias nyias ntawm molecular distillation yog nyias nyias, uas muaj cov cua sov hloov mus rau qhov ua tau zoo thiab tuaj yeem ua tiav cov kev sib cais ntawm cov khoom hauv lub sijhawm luv luv. Vim tias molecular distillation yog raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm txoj hauv kev dawb ntawm molecular motion, nws tuaj yeem ua tiav kev sib cais zoo rau kev sib xyaw nrog cov ntsiab lus me me.

Cov khoom siv: Cov khoom siv distillation yog qhov yooj yim hauv cov qauv thiab feem ntau muaj cov cua sov chamber thiab cov evaporation chamber. Cov khoom siv ntawm molecular distillation system yog complex, uas muaj cov cua sov phaj, evaporator, condenser, lub tshuab nqus tsev twj thiab lwm yam.

Daim ntawv thov: Distillation feem ntau yog siv los cais cov sib tov nrog cov ntsiab lus kub kub, xws li kev faib cov roj av. Molecular distillation tshuab yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog haum rau kev sib cais ntawm cov khoom uas muaj kub kub, kub rhiab heev thiab oxidation yooj yim, xws li ib co polymer tebchaw, amino acids thiab tshuaj tua kab mob.

Boiling point ntawm common reactants

• Dej (H2O), boiling point 100 degree: Dej yog ib qho tseem ceeb reactant nyob rau hauv ntau yam tshuaj. Piv txwv li, acid-base neutralization cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv redox thiab hydrolysis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv txhua tus xav tau dej los koom.
• Ethanol (C2H5OH, boiling point 78.5 degree): Ethanol yog cov organic hnyav siv dav hauv kev lag luam tshuaj, tshuaj pleev ib ce thiab zaub mov. Nws kuj yog ib qho reactant ntawm qee qhov kev cuam tshuam tseem ceeb, xws li esterification, etherification thiab acid catalysis.
• Ammonia (NH3), boiling point -33.3 C: Ammonia yog cov roj tsis muaj xim uas muaj ntxhiab tsw, uas muaj cov kev siv tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov chiv, cov tub yees thiab cov tshuaj detergents. Nws kuj yog ib qho tseem ceeb raw khoom rau synthesizing lwm cov tebchaw, xws li nitration thiab npaj ammonium ntsev.
• Oxygen (O2), boiling point -183 C: Oxygen yog cov roj molecular uas muaj zog heev, uas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov organic synthesis thiab cov txheej txheem lom neeg. Piv txwv li, ob qho tib si oxidation thiab txo cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tsum muaj kev koom tes ntawm oxygen.
• Sodium azide (NaN3), boiling point txog 250 degree: Sodium azide yog ib qho tseem ceeb inorganic compound, uas yuav siv tau los npaj lwm cov tebchaw, xws li azide thiab amino compounds. Nws tseem yog cov tshuaj lom neeg tseem ceeb hauv huab cua passive airbag.
• Cov pa roj carbon dioxide (CO2), boiling point -78.5 C: CO2 yog cov pa roj uas muaj nyob hauv cov xwm txheej thiab ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem lom neeg thiab ib puag ncig. Piv txwv li, nws koom nrog kev ua pa, photosynthesis thiab acid-base cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

Qhov nruab nrab dawb txoj kev ntawm molecular motion ntawm cov teeb meem yog hais txog qhov nruab nrab ntawm qhov deb uas molecules tuaj yeem taug kev ywj pheej ntawm kev sib tsoo hauv roj lossis kua. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb tsis tau piav qhia txog kev sib cuam tshuam thiab lub zog hloov ntawm cov molecules.

Cov xwm txheej cuam tshuam rau qhov nruab nrab txoj kev dawb ntawm molecular txav ntawm cov teeb meem

1. Molecular txoj kab uas hla: qhov loj ntawm lub molecular txoj kab uas hla, qhov ntau yuav muaj kev sib tsoo thiab qhov me dua txoj kev dawb. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, txoj kab uas hla molecular yog me me thiab txoj kev dawb yog qhov loj.

2. Molecular concentration: nrog rau kev nce ntawm molecular concentration, kev sib tsoo zaus ntawm cov molecules nce thiab txoj kev dawb yog me me.

3. Kub: nrog rau qhov kub thiab txias, qhov nruab nrab kinetic zog ntawm molecules nce, qhov ceev ntawm molecular motion nce, kev sib tsoo zaus ntawm molecules nce, thiab txoj kev dawb yog kuj me me.

4. Cov khoom nruab nrab: kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov molecules hauv nruab nrab muaj kev cuam tshuam rau qhov nruab nrab ntawm txoj kev dawb ntawm molecular motion. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv cov kua nrog muaj zog kev sib cuam tshuam, lub intermolecular attraction yog loj thiab txoj kev dawb yog me me.

Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawmmolecular distillation, qhov nruab nrab dawb txoj kev ntawm molecular motion ntawm ib yam khoom yuav cuam tshuam nws cov nyhuv sib cais los ntawm qhov sib tov. Feem ntau hais lus, cov tshuaj nrog me me nruab nrab dawb txoj kev ntawm molecular motion yog yooj yim dua rau kev sib cais, vim hais tias lawv cov kev sib cuam tshuam intermolecular tsis muaj zog thiab qhov nruab nrab dawb txoj kev ntawm molecular motion yog loj, yog li lawv yooj yim dua rau "tshem tawm" los ntawm cov kua nto thiab nkag mus rau hauv lub cev. vapor theem, thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm lawv yog yooj yim dua rau re-condensed nyob rau hauv lub condenser. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv molecular distillation, feem ntau hais lus, cov khoom uas tsis tshua muaj molecular hnyav thiab qis boiling point yog yooj yim dua muab cais.

Molecules haum rau kev sib cais zoo los ntawm txoj kev molecular distillation

• Cawv (ethanol): Qhov hnyav molecular ntawm cawv yog me me, kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj tsis muaj zog, thiab nws yooj yim rau evaporate los ntawm kev sib xyaw. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm brewing thiab cawv ntau lawm, cawv yuav raug cais los ntawm fermentation broth los yog sib tov los ntawm molecular distillation.
• Dej thiab cov kuab tshuaj organic: Dej thiab ntau cov kuab tshuaj organic (xws li ether, toluene, thiab lwm yam) feem ntau yuav tsum tau sib cais. Vim tias qhov sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov dej yog qhov loj, qhov nruab nrab ntawm txoj kev dawb ntawm molecular suab yog me me, thaum qhov kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov kuab tshuaj organic tsis muaj zog thiab qhov nruab nrab ntawm txoj kev dawb ntawm molecular yog loj. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm molecular distillation, cov kuab tshuaj organic feem ntau yuav evaporate mus rau sab sauv ntawm lub condenser thiab yog li yuav tsum tau sib cais.
• Hydrocarbons nyob rau hauv roj av: Petroleum yog ib tug complex sib tov, uas muaj ntau hydrocarbon tebchaw nrog txawv carbon chain lengths, xws li methane, ethane thiab propane. Vim tias qhov hnyav molecular thiab kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm lub zog ntawm cov hydrocarbons sib txawv heev, lawv tuaj yeem sib cais los ntawm molecular distillation.
• Flavor Cheebtsam hauv cov roj yam tseem ceeb: Cov roj tseem ceeb yog cov sib xyaw ua ke uas tau muab rho tawm los ntawm cov nroj tsuag, uas muaj ntau cov tshuaj tsw qab, xws li menthol thiab eucalyptus roj. Cov tshuaj tsw qab no feem ntau muaj qhov hnyav molecular me me thiab tsis muaj zog intermolecular kev sib cuam tshuam, uas tsim nyog rau kev sib cais thiab kev ua kom huv los ntawm molecular distillation.

Molecular distillation tshuab yog dav siv los rho tawm cov khoom ntuj los ntawm cov tsiaj, xws li cov roj ntses ua kom zoo. Ntses roj yog ib hom roj rho tawm los ntawm cov ntses rog. Ntses roj yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv cis heev unsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) thiab docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Nws muaj cov teebmeem ntawm inhibiting platelet aggregation, txo cov ntshav viscosity, tiv thaiv o, mob qog noj ntshav thiab txhim kho kev tiv thaiv. Nws raug suav hais tias yog cov tshuaj muaj peev xwm thiab cov zaub mov ua haujlwm. Cov txheej txheem kev sib cais ib txwm muaj xws li urea suav nrog nag lossis daus thiab khov, thiab tus nqi rov qab qis dua.

Siv urea inclusion nag lossis daus txheej txheem tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov roj ntsha tsis txaus thiab tsis muaj roj tsis txaus los ntawm cov khoom lag luam thiab nce cov ntsiab lus ntawm DHA thiab EPA hauv cov khoom, tab sis nws nyuaj rau cais lwm cov roj fatty acids tsis txaus los ntawm DHA thiab EPA. Ua tau w (DHA + EPA)<80%. In addition, the product has heavy color, strong fishy smell and high peroxide value. The product needs further decoloration and deodorization, and the recovery rate is only 16%. Because the average free path of impurity fatty acids in the material is similar to EPA and DHA ethyl ester, molecular distillationtsuas tuaj yeem ua w(EPA+DHA)=72.5%, tab sis tus nqi rov qab tuaj yeem ncav cuag ntau dua 70%. Cov khoom muaj xim zoo, tsis hnov ​​tsw thiab tsis muaj peroxide, thiab cov khoom sib tov tuaj yeem muab faib ua cov khoom sib txawv ntawm DHA thiab EPA. Yog li, molecular distillation tech yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo los cais thiab ntxuav EPA thiab DHA.